BUILDING FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEMS

William Siler, PhD

Birmingham, AL 35217, USA

E-Mail: wsiler@aol.com

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CONTENTS

Introduction.

Chapter 1: Fuzzy Mathematics: Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Numbers.

1.1 Fuzzy Logic.

1.2 Fuzzy Sets.

1.3 Fuzzy Numbers.

Chapter 1 Questions.

Chapter 1 Answers.

Chapter 2: Defining Your System: Purpose, Conclusions to be Reached, Data.

2.1: An Overview.

2.2: Structuring the solution: overall purpose, specific conclusions, data.

2.2.1: Overall purpose.

2.2.2 Possible conclusions.

2.2.3 Data.

2.2.4 Reviewing your scheme.

2.3 Mapping out the reasoning process.

2.4 Blocking out the solution.

Chapter 2 Questions

Chapter 2 Answers

Chapter 3: Rule-Based Reasoning: Antecedent and Consequent.

3.1 Rules: a Formalism for Thought Processes.

3.2 Sample Rules from a Diagnostic Expert System.

3.3 Handling Uncertainties in Data.

Chapter 3 Questions

Chapter 3 Answers

Chapter 4: Data-Driven Rules: When is a Rule Fireable?

4.1 When Is a Rule Activated?

4.2 Thresholds and Rule Fireability.

Chapter 4 Questions

Chapter 4 Answers

Chapter 5: Reasoning Patterns and Rule-Firing Schemes.

5.1 Deductive reasoning and serial rule firing.

5.2 Inductive reasoning and parallel rule firing.

5.3 Summary.

Chapter 5 Questions

Chapter 5 Answers

Chapter 6: Fuzzy Sets: Using Descriptive Words in Reasoning.

6.1 What is a fuzzy set?

6.2 Ambiguities and Contradictions.

Chapter 6 Questions

Chapter 6 Answers

Chapter 7: Fuzzifying: Using Descriptive Words instead of Numbers.

7.1 Membership Functions and Fuzzification.

7.2 Using fuzzy sets to represent numbers in an expert system.

Chapter 7 Questions

Chapter 7 Answers

Chapter 8: Defuzzifying: Converting Fuzzy Set Confidences into Numbers.

8.1 What Is Defuzzification?

8.2 How Do We Defuzzify a Fuzzy Set?

8.3 What Defuzzification Options Are Available?

Chapter 8 Questions

Chapter 8 Answers

Chapter 9: Fuzzy Numbers and Approximate Comparisons.

9.1 Fuzzy Numbers: Uncertain Values.

9.2 Comparing Fuzzy Numbers.

9.3 Hedges - crudely 25, roughly 25, about 25, nearly 25.

Chapter 9 Questions

Chapter 9 Answers

Chapter 10: Review of Tools.

10.1 Fuzzy Logic.

10.2 Rule-based reasoning.

10.2.1 Rule structure.

10.2.2 Confidences and rules.

10.2.3 Firing a rule: inference engines and memory modification.

10.3 Fuzzy sets.

10.4 Fuzzifying numbers into fuzzy sets.

10.5 Defuzzifying fuzzy sets into numbers.

Chapter 10 Questions

Chapter 10 Answers

Chapter 11 Decision strategies: serial rule firing.

11.1 General description of serial rule firing.

11.2 Depth-first search of a decision tree.

11.3 Economizing on number of rules: placing expert knowledge in a data base rather than in rules.

11.4 General characteristics of serial rule firing.

Chapter 11 Questions

Chapter 11 Answers

Chapter 12 Decision strategies: parallel rule firing.

12.1 General description of parallel rule firing.

12.2 Structure of psychiatric screening program.

12.3 Structure of echocardiogram image analysis programs.

Chapter 12 Questions

Chapter 12 Answers

Chapter 13: Simple Time Series Analysis.

13.1: An Overview.

13.2 Moving Averages.

13.3 Using time lags.

13.3.1 Detecting baselines and baseline shift.

13.3.2 Detecting high-frequency noise.

13.4 Summary.

Chapter 13 Questions

Chapter 13 Answers

Chapter 14: Working On-Line in Real Time.

14.1 What is different about real-time on-line work?

14.2 On-line data input and output hardware.

14.3 Memory storage requirements: how to avoid filling up memory.

14.4 Response time requirements: how fast can we process data with FLOPS?

14.5 Processing algorithms.

Chapter 14 Questions

Chapter 14 Answers